평가배경
내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술은 척추성 통증 환자를 대상으로 통증 감소를 위해 수행되는 기술로 내시경을 천골부 경막외강에 삽입하여 병변을 직접 영상으로 관찰하면서 경막외강 부위의 유착을 박리하고 약물을 투여하는 시술이다.
건강보험 보장성 강화대책이 발표된 후(2017년 8월), 2020년에는 ‘척추·근골격계·통증’분야에 대해 의학적 비급여의 급여화를 추진하게 되면서 신경성형술(내시경적 경막외강 신경근 성형술, 경피적 경막외강 신경성형술, 경피적 풍선확장 경막외강 신경성형술)이 비급여 규모가 크고 급여 전환시 다양한 쟁점이 제기될 것으로 예측됨에 따라 급여 전환 타당성 검토의 필요성이 제시된 바 있다.
이후 보건복지부는 척추 관련 기존 행위 4개 항목(추간판내 고주파 열치료술, 내시경적 경막외강 신경근성형술, 경피적 경막외강 신경성형술, 경피적 풍선확장 경막외강 신경성형술)에 대한 재평가를 한국보건의료연구원에 의뢰하였다(2020년 1월). 이에 따라 내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술에 대해 2020년 제2차 의료기술재평가위원회(2020.2.14.)에서 평가계획서 및 소위원회 구성안을 심의한 후 임상적 안전성 및 유효성을 평가하였다.
평가 목적 및 방법
본 평가는 척추성 통증환자를 대상으로 내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술이 임상적으로 안전하고 유효한지 평가하기 위해 체계적 문헌고찰을 수행하였다.
체계적 문헌고찰은 위의 핵심질문을 토대로 국내 데이터베이스 5개(KoreaMed, 의학논문데이터베이스, 학술데이터베이스, 한국교육학술정보원, 과학기술정보통합서비스) 및 국외 데이터베이스 3개(Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials)을 이용하여 문헌검색하였으며, 문헌 선정기준 및 배제기준 적용 및 자료추출, 비뚤림 위험평가는 모두 2명의 평가자가 독립적으로 수행하였다. 비뚤림위험 평가는 Cochrane의 Risk of Bias를 사용하였고, 문헌의 근거수준을 평가하기 위해 Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)를 사용하였다. 소위원회의 검토의견을 고려하여 의료기술재평가위원회에서 최종 심의 후 권고등급을 제시하였다.
본 평가를 위해 총 10인(마취통증의학과 2인, 신경외과 2인, 정형외과 2인, 영상의학과 1인, 재활의학과 1인, 근거기반의학 2인)으로 구성된 소위원회에서 체계적 문헌고찰을 통해 동 기술의 안전성 및 유효성에 대한 문헌적 근거를 평가하였고, 2020년 제12차 의료기술재평가위원회(2020.12.11.)에서 내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술의 임상적 안전성 및 유효성 평가 결과에 대해 최종심의하였다.
평가 결과
평가에 선택된 문헌은 총 1편으로 만성 요통 및 하지통 환자를 대상으로 경막외강 신경차단술과 비교하였다. 내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술의 전후 연구 혹은 현재 비급여 행위인 경피적 경막외강 신경성형술과 비교된 연구가 확인되었으나 모두 사전에 정의된 비교시술과 비교하지 않은 연구로 배제되었다.
안전성 결과 지주막하 차단이 중재군에서만 2% (1/50)로 보고되었으며, 유효성 결과 중재군에서 통증이 더 개선된 효과를 보고하였으나 맹검해제된 환자비율이 높아 비뚤림위험이 높게 평가되어 근거수준은 ‘낮음’으로 평가되었다.
이에 소위원회에서는 선택문헌이 1편으로 동 기술의 안전성 및 유효성을 판단할 근거가 부족하여 동 기술에 대해 평가할 수 없다는 의견이었다.
결론
내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술 소위원회는 현재 평가 결과에 근거하여 다음과 같이 제언하였다.
내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술은 기존 급여 치료법과의 비교문헌이 1편으로 근거가 부족해 안전성 및 유효성을 평가하기 어려우며, 추후 동 기술의 평가를 위해 경막외강 신경차단술과 같은 급여권내에 있는 기술과 비교한 잘 설계된 연구 결과를 통한 근거 축적이 더 필요하다고 판단하였다.
의료기술재평가위원회는 ‘내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술’에 대해 소위원회의 검토결과에 근거하여 다음과 같이 심의하였다(2020.12.11.).
내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술은 척추성 통증 환자를 대상으로 통증감소를 위해 수행시 안전성은 수용가능하며, 경막외강 신경차단술과 비교한 문헌이 1편으로 근거문헌이 충분하지는 않으나 경피적 경막외강 신경성형술과 비교하거나 시술 전후 효과를 보고한 문헌에서 통증개선이 확인되어 유효한 기술로 평가하였으며, 추후 현재 급여권에서 활용되고 있는 적절한 비교시술과 비교한 양질의 근거축적은 필요하다고 판단하였다. 다만, 동 시술이 경피적 경막외강 신경성형술과 유사한 방법을 이용하고 있으며 내시경을 추가적으로 사용하고 있어, 경피적 경막외강 신경성형술과 동일하게 상당한 주의와 감독하에 수행할 필요가 있다는 의견이었다.
이에 의료기술재평가위원회는 척추성 통증 환자를 대상으로 통증 감소를 위해 내시경적 경막외강 신경성형술을 권고함(권고등급 Ⅰ-b)으로 심의하였다.
Background of Assessment
Endoscopic
epidural neuroplasty is a technology performed to reduce pain in patients with
spinal pain. It is a procedure that inserts an endoscope into the sacral
epidural space and directly observes the lesion with an image, removing
adhesions in the epidural space and injecting therapeutic drugs.
After the
announcement of measures to strengthen health insurance coverage (August 2017),
as the conversion to the reimbursement benefits from health non-insured
benefits in the areas of 'spine, musculoskeletal system, and pain' was promoted
in 2020, the need to review the feasibility of benefit conversion has been
suggested since the neuroplasty surgery (endoscopic epidural neuroplasty,
percutaneous epidural neuroplasty, percutaneous epidural neuroplasty with balloon
catheter) has a large non-reimbursement scale and it is expected that various
issues will arise when changing benefits.
Afterward, the
Ministry of Health and Welfare requested the National Evidence-based Healthcare
Collaborating Agency to re-evaluate four existing spinal-related
practices/procedures (intradiscal electrothermal therapy, endoscopic epidural
neuroplasty, percutaneous epidural neuroplasty, percutaneous epidural
neuroplasty with balloon catheter) (January 2020). Accordingly, the clinical safety
and effectiveness of endoscopic epidural neuroplasty were evaluated at the 2nd
Health Technology Reassessment Committee (2020.2.14.) in 2020 after reviewing
the assessment protocol and subcommittee composition plan.
Purpose and Method of Assessment
In this
assessment, a systematic literature review was performed to evaluate whether
endoscopic epidural neuroplasty is clinically safe and effective for patients
with spinal pain.
For the
systematic literature review, the literature search was conducted in 5 domestic
databases (KoreaMed, Korean Medical database, Academic Database, Korea
Education and Research Information Service (KERIS), National Digital Science
Links (NDSL)) and 3 foreign databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials) based on the above key questions. The
application of the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, data
extraction, and risk of bias evaluation were all independently performed by two
evaluators. For the risk of bias assessment, Cochrane's Risk of Bias was used
for randomized studies. To evaluate the level of evidence in the literature,
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was
used. In consideration of the subcommittee's review opinion, the Health Technology
Reassessment Committee presented the recommendation grade after final
deliberation.
For this
assessment, a subcommittee consisting of a total of 10 members (2 from the
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2 from Department of Neurosurgery,
2 Department of from Orthopedic Surgery, 1 from the Department of Radiology, 1
from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2 from the Department of
Evidence-Based Medicine)evaluated the literature basis for the safety and
effectiveness of the technology through systematic literature review. At the
12th Health Technology Reassessment Committee (2020.12.11.) in 2020, the
clinical safety and effectiveness assessment results of endoscopic epidural
neuroplasty were finally reviewed.
Assessment Results
A total of one
literature was selected for assessment, and it was compared with epidural nerve
block in patients with chronic low back pain and lower extremity pain. The
before-and-after studies of endoscopic epidural neuroplasty or studies
comparing the percutaneous epidural neuroplasty, which are currently not
covered, were confirmed, but all were excluded as they were studies that did
not compare with the pre-defined comparative procedure.
As a safety
result, the subarachnoid block was reported in 2% (1/50) of the intervention
group alone. As a result of the effectiveness, the intervention group reported
more improved pain relief, but the risk of bias was high due to a high
proportion of unblinded patients, so the level of evidence was evaluated as
'low'.
Accordingly, the
subcommittee was of the opinion that the technology could not be evaluated
because there was insufficient evidence to judge the safety and effectiveness
of the technology with only one selected literature.
Conclusion
The endoscopic
epidural neuroplasty subcommittee made the following recommendations based on
the current assessment results.
It is difficult
to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic epidural neuroplasty due
to a lack of evidence because there is only one comparative literature with
existing reimbursed treatments. It was judged that it was necessary to
accumulate more evidence through well-designed research results compared with
technologies within the reimbursement coverage such as epidural nerve block for
the assessment of this technology in the future.
The Health
Technology Reassessment Committee deliberated as follows on ‘endoscopic
epidural neuroplasty’ based on the subcommittee’s review results (December 11,
2020).
Although the
safety of endoscopic epidural neuroplasty is acceptable when performed for pain
reduction in patients with spinal pain, and there is only one literature
comparing it with an epidural nerve block, and the evidence is not sufficient.
However, it was evaluated as an effective technology because pain improvement
was confirmed in the literature reporting the effects before and after the
procedure or comparison with percutaneous epidural neuroplasty. It was judged
that it was necessary to accumulate high-quality evidence compared with the appropriate
procedure currently used in the reimbursement coverage in the future. In
addition, there was an opinion that this procedure needs to be performed under
considerable caution and supervision in the same way as percutaneous epidural
neuroplasty because it was similar to percutaneous epidural neuroplasty and
additionally used an endoscope.
Therefore, the
Health Technology Reassessment Committee deliberated that endoscopic epidural
neuroplasty for pain reduction in patients with spinal pain was recommended
(Recommendation grade I-b).
Keywords: Spinal pain, Endoscopic epidural
neuroplasty, Safety, Effectiveness